Week 8

Video

In this 24-minute video made available from the SDG Academy, Jeffrey Sachs looks at biodiversity as an integral part of ecosystems functioning and explores why biodiversity is being threatened today.

Analysis

Sustainable management of lands and forests, including through conservation and protected areas, is key to maintaining healthy ecosystems and ensuring their benefits, including filtering air and water, and storing carbon dioxide[1].

Nature is critical to our survival. Nature provides us with our oxygen, regulates our weather patterns, pollinates our crops, produces our food, feed, and fibre. But it is under increasing stress. Human activity has altered almost 75% of the earth’s surface, squeezing wildlife and nature into an ever-smaller corners of the planet[2].

Around 1 million animal and plant species are threatened with extinction, many within decades  according to the 2019 Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Service. The report called for transformative changes to restore and protect nature. It found that the health of ecosystems on which we and all other species depend is deteriorating more rapidly than ever, affecting the very foundations of our economies, livelihoods, food security, health, and quality of life worldwide2.

Deforestation and desertification, caused by human activities and climate change, pose major challenges to sustainable development, and have affected the lives and livelihoods of millions of people. Forests are vitally important for sustaining life on Earth and play a major role in the fight against climate change2. And investing in land restoration is critical for improving livelihoods, reducing vulnerabilities, and reducing risks for the economy.

The health of our planet also plays an important role in the emergence of zoonotic diseases, i.e. diseases that are transmissible between animals and humans. As we continue to encroach on fragile ecosystems, we bring humans into ever-greater contact with wildlife, enabling pathogens in wildlife to spill over to livestock and humans, increasing the risk of disease emergence and amplification2.

Fast Facts

  • Human activity has altered 75% of the earth’s surface, forcing wildlife and nature into an ever-smaller corner of the planet and increasing risks of zoonotic diseases including  COVID-19.

Forests

  • Approximately 1.6 billion people depend on forests for their livelihood, including 70 million indigenous people;
  • Forests are home to more than 80% of all terrestrial species of animals, plants, and insects;
  • Between 2010 and 2015, the world lost 3.3 million hectares of forest areas;
  • Currently, land degradation has reduced productivity in 23% of the global terrestrial areas, and between $235 billion and $577 billion in annual global crop output is at risk as a result of pollinator loss.

Desertification

  • Arable land loss is estimated at 30 to 35 times the historical rate;
  • Due to drought and desertification, 12 million hectares are lost each year (23 hectares per minute). That’s the equivalent of  20 million tons of lost grain per year;
  • Over 74% of those living in poverty are directly affected by land degradation globally;
  • Habitat loss and deterioration, largely caused by human actions, have reduced global terrestrial habitat integrity by 30%.

Biodiversity

  • Illicit poaching and trafficking of wildlife continue to stall conservation efforts, with  7,000 species of plants and animals reported in illegal trade involving 120 countries;
  • Of the 8,300 animal breeds known, 8% are extinct and 22% are at risk of extinction;
  • Fish provide 20% of animal protein to about 3 billion people;
  • Over 80% of the human diet is provided by plants, with 3 cereal crops: rice, maize and wheat providing 60% of energy intake;
  • Approximately 80% of people living in developing countries rural areas rely on traditional plant¬‐based medicines for basic healthcare;
  • Micro-organisms and invertebrates are key to ecosystem services, but their contributions are still poorly known and rarely acknowledged;
  • While protected areas now cover 15% of terrestrial and freshwater environments and 7% of marine systems, they only partly cover important sites for biodiversity and are not yet fully ecologically representative and effectively or equitably managed.

Why it Matters

Why should I care about the protection, restoration, and sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems?

Globally, one fifth of the Earth’s land area (more than 2 billion hectares) are degraded. Land degradation is undermining the well-being of some 3.2 billion people, driving species to extinction and intensifying climate change. Currently, biodiversity is declining faster than at any other time in human history.

Targets and Indicators for Canada

Below is Canada’s approach to measuring progress on SDG #15 – Life on Land. Note the targets and indicators chosen[3].

Goal 15 Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss Canadian Ambition: Canada ensures all species have healthy and viable populations Targets Indicators T15.1.1 No specific target I15.1.1 Proportion of native wild species ranked secure or apparently secure according to the national extinction risk level Note: corresponds to the Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators “Status of wild species” Source: Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council (2016) Wild Species 2015: The General Status of Species in Canada, National General Status Working Group T15.2.1 No specific target I15.2.1 Proportion of species at risk showing progress towards their population and distribution objectives Note: corresponds to the Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators “Species at risk population trends” Sources: Environment and Climate Change Canada; Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Parks Canada; Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada Secretariat Canadian Ambition: Canada conserves and restores ecosystems and habitat Target Indicator T15.3.1 Conserve 25% of Canada’s land by 2025, working towards 30% by 2030 I15.3.1 Proportion of terrestrial (land and freshwater) areas conserved Note: corresponds to the Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators “Canada’s conserved areas” Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada. Canadian Protected and Conserved Areas Database Canadian Ambition: Canada sustainably manages forests, lakes and rivers Targets Indicators T15.4.1 No specific target I15.4.1 Proportion of the forest area under an independently verified forest management certification scheme Sources: Forest Products Association of Canada; Canada’s National Forest Inventory T15.5.1 No specific target I15.5.1 Forest area as a proportion of total land area Source: Canada’s National Forest Inventory

Recommended Readings

  1. Global Affairs Canada. (2018). Canada’s Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: voluntary national review. ↵
  2. United Nations. (2021). Sustainable Development Goals. ↵
  3. Statistics Canada. (2021). The Canadian Indicator Framework for the Sustainable Development Goals - 2021 ↵

License

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Introduction to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Copyright © by Jocelyn Baker is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

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