Are female and male athletes at the professional and college levels treated equally? You might think 40 years since the passing of Title IX (the civil rights law that prohibits sex discrimination in education including athletics) and with the growing visibility of women athletes in sports, such as golf, basketball, hockey, and tennis, that the answer would be an easy yes. But Professor Michael Messner’s (2002) ^[1] unobtrusive research shows otherwise, as does Professors Jo Ann M. Buysse and Melissa Sheridan Embser-Herbert’s (2004) ^[2] content analysis of college athletics media guide photographs.

In fact, Buysse and Embser-Herbert’s unobtrusive research shows that traditional definitions of femininity are fiercely maintained through colleges’ visual representations of women athletes as passive and overtly feminine (as opposed to strong and athletic). In addition, Messner and colleagues’ (Messner, Duncan, & Jensen, 1993) ^[3] content analysis of verbal commentary in televised coverage of men’s and women’s sports shows that announcers’ comments vary depending on an athlete’s gender identity. Such commentary not only infantilizes women athletes but also asserts an ambivalent stance toward their accomplishments. Without unobtrusive research we might be inclined to think that more has changed for women athletes over the past 40 years than actually has changed.

Chapter Outline

• 14.1 Unobtrusive research: What is it and when should it be used?
• 14.2 Strengths and weaknesses of unobtrusive research
• 14.3 Unobtrusive data collected by use
• 14.4 Secondary data analysis
• 14.5 Reliability in unobtrusive research

Content Advisory

This chapter discusses or mentions the following topics: sexism, racism, depression, and suicide.